Lab Report: Cellular Fractionation

Hello everybody!

How are you? :)

In this week, I'm really busy in the lab and because of that, I couldn't write what we've done in the lab, yet. Yesterday, we made Nuclear Fractionation to some Bacteria to use their proteins  and today, to separate the proteins by using Western Blot Technique! It is a very long process and to follow truly, I read an article about the technique. At the weekend, maybe I can share a post about the Nuclear Fractionation Protocol that we used and an other post about Western Blotting :)

However, because I cannot write these posts before the whole process ends, today I will share my lab report about cellular fractionation by using homogenization technique. I think, it can be useful to read before reading the Nuclear Fractionation Protocol :)

Here it is :)

INTRODUCTION:

Centrifuge is a laboratory machine which is used for separating and isolating different substances from each other by using a motor which is able to spin the substances which are in liquid phase, at high speed. Differential Centrifugation is also one of the techniques for separating certain organelles from the cells by using their size and density differences.

Centrifuge machines have different types of rotors such as swinging bucket and fixed angle rotors. Swinging-bucket rotors can swing the sample tubes into a horizontal plane during the centrifugation process. On the contrary, fixed-angle rotors have a particular angle to fix the tubes during the centrifugation.To explain the properties of centrifuge machines, there are RPM and RCF values. RPM (Revolution per Minute) value shows the speed of the revolution that the rotor of the machine can reach and it is independent of the size of the rotor. However, RCF ( Relative Centrifugal Force) is the value of the force which is exerted on the samples in the rotor as a result of the revolution of the rotor and its value depends on the size of the rotor.

At the end of the centrifugation process, the substances in the tube separate from each other according to their sizes and densities. The smaller and less dense components move to the top of the tube and are called “supernatant”, and the larger and more dense components move to the bottom and are called “pellet”. During the cellular fractionation, densities and sizes of the needed components and environmental factors such as temperature and pressure have to be considered to obtain true and utilizable components from the sample.

Homogenization is a process in which the plasma membranes of the cells are ruptured and the cells are broken open. As a result, all the contents of the cells can be released. During this process, the cells are placed in an isotonic buffer and the resulting mixture is called “homogenate” which contains different, large and small components of the cells such as organelles, metabolites and enzymes. To homogenate cells and tissues, high frequency techniques(sonication), high pressure to make the cells move through a small hole(French press) and techniques to shear the cells(mechanical) can be used to break the cell membranes and soft detergents(detergent lysis) can be used to make holes on the cell membranes.

The centrifugation process and its results are affected by different properties such as RCF value, the duration of centrifugation, the shapes, sizes and densities of the cell samples, the density and the viscosity of the medium solution and, the column of suspension’s length. It is needed to be careful about the balance of the samples in the rotors and the lids of the tubes and the centrifuge have to be closed carefully and, until the centrifuge reaches the maximum speed, the samples shouldn’t be left.

AIM:

The aim of the experiment was to obtain mitochondria of the liver cells by using centrifugation technique.

METHODS:

1.      Homogenization: 

·         From an ice bucket, 1gr rat liver in a 50ml centrifuge tube was taken.

·         10ml of 0.25M sucrose solution was added in the tube.

·         By using homogenizer, a colloidal mixture of the rat liver and sucrose solution was prepared.

·         The homogenizer was used until there wasn’t any apparent liver piece in the tube.

2.      First Centrifugation:

·         A Table Top Centrifuge (swinging bucket) with RCF = 800g and RPM= 2037 values was used in the first centrifugation.

·         The centrifuge was arranged before the experiment to 4^oC.

·         The 50ml falcon with 10ml mixture of liver and sucrose solution was placed in the rotor of centrifuge.

·         To balance the rotor during the process, the samples in the falcons were placed just opposite sides of each other.

·         The centrifuge was activated.

·         The machine was waited until it reached the maximum speed.

·         After 5 minutes, the sample was taken from the machine and it was observed that the pallet was at the bottom and the supernatant was at the top of the falcon.

·         The supernatant part of the sample was poured into a 15ml centrifuge tube to be used in the second centrifugation.

·         The pallet wasn’t used.

3.      Second Centrifugation:

·         To centrifuge at a higher speed, a High-Speed Centrifuge (fixed-angle) was used.

·         To determine the true RPM value that corresponds the needed RCF value, the instruction manual of the centrifuge was used.

·         To get the RCF = 5000g value, RPM = 5500 was calibrated on the machine.

·         To prepare a proper 15ml falcon with sucrose solution for balancing the sample in the rotor, the scales was used.

·         The centrifuge was arranged before the experiment to 4^oC.

·         The adaptors with falcons were placed in the centrifuge and the lid was closed.

·         The centrifuge was activated.

·         The machine was waited until it reached the maximum speed.

·         After 15 minutes, the sample was taken from the machine and it was observed that the pallet was placed on the wall of the tube.

·         The supernatant was poured into a new 15ml falcon without taking the pellet to be used in the third centrifugation

·         The pallet wasn’t used.

4.      Third Centrifugation:

·         To centrifuge at a high speed, a High-Speed Centrifuge (fixed-angle) was used.

·         To determine the true RPM value that corresponds the needed RCF value, the instruction manual of the centrifuge was used.

·         To get the RCF = 24000g value, RPM = 12500 was calibrated on the machine.

·         To prepare a proper 15ml falcon with sucrose solution for balancing the sample in the rotor, the scales was used.

·         The centrifuge was arranged before the experiment to 4^oC.

·         The adaptors with falcons were placed in the centrifuge and the lid was closed.

·         The centrifuge was activated.

·         The machine was waited until it reached the maximum speed.

·         After 15 minutes, the sample was taken from the machine and it was observed that the pallet was placed on the wall of the tube.

·         The supernatant was taken by using 5ml serological maxipipette without touching the pellet.

·         The supernatant wasn’t used.

·         Into the falcon with the pellet, 5ml of 0.25M sucrose solution was added.

·         The vertex was used to resuspend the mitochondrial pallet.

 Mitochondrial suspension was obtained.

DISCUSION:

The aim of this experiment was to obtain mitochondria of the liver cells for using them in different researches by using centrifugation technique. For this purpose, firstly the liver tissue was homogenized in 10ml of 0.25M sucrose solution. After that, three different centrifugation processes were performed and at the end of the experiment, the mitochondria of liver cells were obtained as the pellet.

For cellular fractionation, liver tissue was chosen because liver cells have more mitochondria than other tissues. Because of their work in the body, these cells require more energy than other cells and as a result, in their cytoplasm there are a lot of mitochondria to produce energy.

To perform the centrifugation processes truly, a proper solution for the sample was used. 0.25M sucrose solution was chosen to be used for this experiment, because it is an isotonic and dense solution. In addition to that, sucrose is a covalent molecule and it doesn’t dissolve ionically in a solution. On the other hand, sucrose molecules have a resolving effect for the other molecules in the sample and as a result they help to separate the compounds of sample, too.

All steps of this experiment were carried out in relatively lower temperatures because, the proteins and protein based structures in the liver cells and their components such as organelles and enzymes could be affected by high temperatures. As a result, these proteins and protein based structures could be denaturated and nonutilizable in the room temperature. Because of that, the liver tissue was kept in an ice bucket and the centrifuges were optimized at 4^oC during the centrifugation processes.

On the other hand, to determine the true RPM value for the centrifuge, the instruction manual was used. The instruction manual shows the true RPM value for the needed RCF value and it was for RCF=24000, RPM = 12500. After the centrifugation, by using the formula to convert the RCF value to RPM value, the needed RPM value was calculated mathematically, too. The result was almost the same = 12552.

By using cellular fractionation, it is not possible to obtain a complete pure organelle solution. Because this method based on size and density differences and during the centrifugation process, the compounds of the cells could not be separated accurately, especially in this short time interval. Because of that, to obtain purer results the methods which can target the needed component directly can be used, such as antibodies and magnetic beads to separate the components.

I hope, you've had a perfect and productive week and you will have an amazing weekend at the end :)

See you soon..

LOVE YOU <3

Kumsal

Online Courses About Biological Sciences :)

Hello everyone!

How are you? :)
I really want to say that I'm completely full of energy but I'm not :D I'm really tired and it is a hot summer day. But thankfully, it is not sweltry.
I woke up at 8.00 am. and as I told before, my summer internship began yesterday. Because of that, I will spend my day in the lab, today :) So, I need coffee now :D

Also, yesterday was a productive day for me! :) I came to lab at 11 am. and began to study Japanese again :D I tried to learn Japanese before but I couldn't be so successful about that. However now, I have the whole summer and I think, it is the time to try again! :) I started with memorizing Hiragana and than I will try to learn Katakana and Kanji. I use this book to study and I have also a Duolingo account to study on the road :D  I hope, it will be better than first time!

In addition, I began to read some books about evolution and biodiversity because in next semester, we have a lesson about these topics. I want to be prepared, at least I want to have an idea about the subtopics. For this purpose, I use Biology: Concepts and Connections. I think, it's very clear and easily understandable.

And, now we can talk about our real topic! Another summer goal of mine is to attend some online courses about biological sciences and I made a list of some courses which can be taken in this summer until my 3. semester begins and I enrolled them. I hope some of them can be useful  for you,too. Here is my list:

1) Introductory Human Physiology 
(created by Duke University)

I takes 10 weeks and it begins July 03. To get information and see the syllabus

2) Music as Biology: What we like to hear and why
(created by Duke University)

It takes 6 weeks and it bagan yesterday! To get information

3) The Science of Gastronomy 
(created by The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)

It takes 6 weeks and it will begin June 20. I think, it is really exiting! To get Information

4) Introduction to Genetics and Evolution
(created by Duke University)

It takes 11 weeks and it will start June 19. Information!

5) Introduction to Forensic Science
(created by Nanyang Technological University)

It takes 8 weeks and it will start June 26. It is very amazing, too. To get information
....

There are more of them and maybe I can write a post about all of the courses that can be useful for us. However, in one summer I can follow only a few of them. Because of that, I only wrote 5 courses.

I hope, they will be interesting for you, too.

See you soon :)

LOVE YOU! <3

Drosophila Melanogaster as a Model Organism :)

Hi everyone! :)

Today, I'm gonna share a post about Drosophila Melanogaster and three different experiments in which Drosophila was used as a model organism.

This text is also one of my lab reports for BIO 106 and to be honest, I wrote it at only one night. Because of that, there can be some grammatical problems :D However, I hope, you will enjoy that and learn new things from the text :)

DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

According to the evolution theory, it is thought that all living cells have a common ancestor cell and during the evolution of all living things, most of the basic properties of this ancestor cell have been conserved. That means, all species have mostly similar genetic properties and the differences between them are the results of small changes in their genome. As a result of that, especially in experimental biology researches, different species can be used as a test subject instead of each other. However, a certain number of organisms and cells which have different advantages about different experimental properties such as rapid reproducing, simplicity and transparency, are widely used as biological models in different experiments. In addition to that, because these chosen and determined species are used commonly by different scientists for different experiments, they can be examined deeply and scientific knowledge about the genetic properties of these species is very detailed. As a result of their different benefits, these species such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used as model organisms in biological experiments especially which are about human biology.

Drosophila Melanogaster is also one of these model organisms which are commonly used in experiments about human diseases and development stages. The usage of Drosophila in biological experiments have different advantages and disadvantages depending on the expectations from the experiments.

The most important benefit of Drosophila is that its genome was completely sequenced and published, and it contains a lot of conserved gene sequences which are similar with human genes. In addition to that, 75% of the genes which are related to different kinds of human diseases also can be find in its genome, too. As a result, Drosophila is commonly used as a model organism in drug design experiments for different human diseases.

The rapid life cycle of Drosophila is also an advantage of this model organism. Because from a single pair of this organism, it can be obtained more than a hundred of offspring which has identical genetic properties in about 10 days under laboratory conditions. In addition, to breed this organism under laboratory conditions is completely easier comparing to other species. They don’t need to have a complex diet to grow and they are not so expensive to study.

To have changing developmental stages such as embryo, larva, pupa and adult is a benefit of using Drosophila in different experiments. Because each stage of its development can be used for different researches such as about neuronal development and morphological changes. In addition to that, the adult stage of Drosophila has a complex systematic structure which has similar properties with human body systems and this property makes them also very useful for experiments about human development.

On the other side, Drosophila melanogaster has polytene chromosomal structure: its chromosomes are very big and they have light and dark colors of lines on them. As a result, its chromosomes can be observed under light microscope easily. And its body structures can be also observed with and without light microscope easily in different researches.

In addition to its advantages, Drosophila has some disadvantages for some biological experiments. One of its disadvantages is that even though they have similarities, the anatomy of Drosophila is actually very different. In addition to that, the fruit fly doesn’t have a complete adaptive immune system and they are not very useful for these type of experiments. And, Drosophila also doesn’t have some neurotransmitters and receptors which are important for neurological human diseases and this can be a disadvantage of using Drosophila instead of other species.

However, even though Drosophila Melanogaster has some disadvantages, its benefits are completely higher and it is commonly used in different kind of experiments about human diseases. One of these experiments, in which Drosophila was used is about the malignancy cancer investigations and different therapies for it. Even though some anatomical and physiological properties of Drosophila are quite different from humans, malignant tumors have a lot of similar effects on humans and Drosophila. The cells in both species firstly have changes in their developmental progress and their growth isn’t under control anymore. At the end, the tumor cells become immortal and cause the death of the patient. As a result of these similarities in stages of malignancy cancer in both species, different treatment options were tried on the Drosophila to be used in humans and by using these similarities and widely studied genomic properties of Drosophila, it was tried to understand the different molecular bases of malignancy.

Another experiment which was performed by using Drosophila Melanogaster is mapping the human cancer pathways. The human cancers develop through different stages such as mutations in cell – cycle, cell – death pathway and interactions about tumors, and to observe these steps of tumor formation easily, a model organism which has simple properties such as Drosophila was used. According to the results of some other experiments, by using the high ability in Drosophila to study interactions of tumor suppressors and oncogenes and, to generate tumor development and metastasis models; the hallmarks of cancer in Drosophila was determined, the pathways which promote the self – sufficiency was studied by using information about the effects of genes in Drosophila to self – sufficiency in growing and proliferation processes. And then, by using the different and well-studied cell signaling pathways of Drosophila, the effects of restraints against different processes such as cell proliferation, cell growth or the effects of blocking them was observed and the important cancer pathways such as Ras^ACT and Nothch^ACT were examined.

Drosophila Melanogaster is an appropriate model organism for modelling the neurodegenerative diseases and Parkinson’s disease is also one of the neurodegenerative diseases which were modelled by using Drosophila in an other experiment. The Parkinson’s disease is a disorder about movement and it is the result of losing the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra part of the brain and also the result of filamentous intraneuronal inclusions formation. The gene α – synuclein is related to this disease and it is also effective on accumulation in Lewy bodies which are the filamentous intraneuronal inclusions. In order to express a genetic approach for Parkinson’s disease by using Drosophila, in this experiment firstly, the normal and mutant α – synuclein genes of Drosophila were expressed. After that, the loss of dopaminergic neurons in adulthood and Lewy bodies which contain α – synuclein were produced. In addition to that, a locomotor dysfunction was also generated in Drosophila and the results were observed and then used for modelling the disease by using the effects on Drosophila Melanogaster.

See you in another post! :)

LOVE YOU <3

Kumsal

The beginning of Summer! :)

Hello everybody! :)

Finally, my first year at this department ended and it is the beginning of summer!! :)

I feel relief and completely happy, even though my GPA is not completely apparent. However, i hope that it will be enough to go Erasmus and in this situation, this is enough for me, too. To be honest, this year was not very easy for me. Because, I really didn't like some classes that I had to take and also the education system of some classes were not completely favorable to me. As a result, I couldn't stop asking questions about the system, about the classes and also about the department. And to be honest, I was thinking to change my department, for a while. However, I couldn't :D Because it is my DREAM JOB and it is not an easy decision to change it.

As a result, I really had some psychological problems at the end of the semester, because I wasn't happy. AND IT WAS A VERY BIG PROBLEM! I think, if I could only accept the situation that I had to be in it and could ask less questions about everything, I would be happier and probably more successful. However, I couldn't do that and because of that, I couldn't study enough for nothing but my German Literature Class :D I'm very very proud about my AA grade from this class and my Physics grade makes me also very happy :D But I can't say that for my Biology grade :D Even though, I haven't known my actual grade yet, I think that it won't be so nice. BUT DON'T BE AFRAID, I'M REALLY IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT :D

I think, in this very first year, I learned a lot about the university, about the department and about how I should study for my classes etc. It was an adaptation year and I hope the next one will be better than this one :)

And now, LET THE SUMMER BEGIN! :) And here is the song for that : Summer!

SEE YOU SOON :)

LOVE YOU! :)

About the Terrifying Month :D

Hello everybody! :)

It's me Back Again!:)

Approximately since the winter break, I couldn't find any time to write about the classes, lab days and other stuffs in my pretty hard education life :D

However, our second midterms and finals are coming like they are some parts of an invincible army! :D

In May, I have 11 exams ( 5 Midterms and 6 Finals), a lab report about the "Model Organisms" to give, a power point presentation for my Modern German Literature class and two different articles about Graph Theory Applications for Brain Cancer(glioma) to read for the Chapter I'll write.

You see, this month is completely terrifying and I really don't feel that I'm ready for it..

The exams start on this Tuesday and I REALLY have to study! I haven't written my lab report yet and haven't also prepared my power point presentation, too. And honestly, I have thousand pages to read about everything :D

I hope, I can handle it and start my summer holiday and my summer internship with having a good mood. Because, I really have to fix my GPA in this semester to be able to apply great universities for Erasmus next year! Actually, I'm kinda nervous about that, but I really want to handle it and show myself that I can do anything when I want to! But I don't know..
I hope that everything goes perfect! :)

After this terrifying month, I want to write everything about what I learned and made in my second semester! I'll share my lab reports, especially the introduction parts which take ALWAYS more than 4 hours to write! :D In addition, they really include great information about basic laboratory techniques which we learned in this semester! :)

So see you soon and alive (HOPEFULLY) :D

LOVE YOU <3

Kumsal

Lab Diaries #Week1 :)

Hello everyone!

Yes, as you can understand from the title, our winter break has already begun and my lab days,too. :)

Honestly, it wasn't very easy to begin working in the lab because we couldn't meet with my lab professor to talk about my  position in the lab and about who will be the post-doc student that I'll work together, etc. because of the snowy weather!

Actually, I'm really in love with all the winter stuffs like snow, hot chocolate, sitting in front of the fireplace, etc. and I always feel better during these times. However, this time it was both: good and bad! Because, I was worried about my lab attendance!

To be honest, if I weren't in my first year at the university, I wouldn't be so worried about that, but it is obvious that I have no perfect skills to work at any lab(especially in a cancer/ gene regulation lab!) and I really don't know so much about my department,too. As a result, I always thought that what if the professor gives up from taking me to the lab..!

However, lucky me!, something like that didn't happened. In contrast, our professor was very interested about me and he talked about the future ( my future in the lab :D) very brightly! :) So, I'm very glad to say that : FINALLY, it has begun!

First thing I want to say about my first day in the lab is that I really didn't learn much during this semester! There are a lot of different things which I'm not familiar with and have to study for. Honestly, I even didn't know which machine using for what reason etc. Because of that, I took a lot of notes during the experiments and than I rewrite them to memorize what I've learned. After that, I decided to learn and read more about the machines and techniques which we are used during the lab and I'll share the articles that I read with you,too :)

In addition to that, my post-doc student (her name is Nalan and she is kind of a teacher for me too :) ) gave me some advice about what I should read and learn to be able to follow her experiments better. And during my first week I read one of the articles which she suggested to me. Here is the Link of the article : "The Hallmarks of Cancer". And I think that it was very useful to understand some basic structures of cancer! :)

In addition to read articles,of course I learned a lot during the experiments, too. Actually, the names of different enzymes, proteins and their effects etc. all the things that I saw, was completely new for me. Because of that I can make a huge list for what I've learned. However, as a summary maybe I can write some basic stuffs and procedures to see what I got from this experience, after my internship :

• What is PCR and how can it be used? (I'll share a post about the technique, too :) )
• Medium preparing for cell cultures
• Oligo Annealing Protocol and its steps. (Oligo is a desalted custom synthesized DNA)
• Different Buffers and how can they be prepared! (wash buffer, elution buffer, running buffer etc.)
• "DOX" ----> for using over expression
• Transformation - Step by step (with E.coli)
• Transaction - Step by step (with Lenti Virus)
• T4 Ligation
• RNA Isolation - Step by Step

Of course, there can be some other things that I forgot to write but the basic things were these! :)

Next week, we will start some different experiments about her main project and I think those will be more interesting than these! :) I'm very excited! :)

So, see you next week! :)

LOVE YOU <3 :)

Kumsal

Finals are COMING! :D :O

Hello everybody,

As you can see, my finals are coming and I'm very excited about them!(And a little bit terrified :D) 

Last week, I took my Physics and Maths finals and in this week, I'll take Chemistry, Chemistry Lab and Biology! 

Honestly, this semester I couldn't take what I expected before from Chemistry. Actually, the topics were interesting and at the beginning I was studying hard. However, after one month I lost my control over Chemistry and I didn't really catch up after that :D :/ To be honest, I know the topics and I studied for them before. But I have no practice and as a result, I cannot solve the problems during the exam! But, until Wednesday  I have 3 more days to study and I believe that I can figure out! :))

Actually, what I learned from this semester is that if I want to be a successful scientist and a successful student, I have to study regularly. Maybe not daily but weekly and for all subjects! Because it is obvious that I have to learn a lot of different things about different kind of subjects and this is the only way to learn all of them completely at the same time! :) As a result, I hope next semester I'll study and plan everything more carefully. :) To be honest, I HAVE TO :D

Because next semester I won't be free as much as this semester and it is possible that all my weekends will be completely full because of my debate tournaments! In addition to that, in January I'll begin to work in Lab and this will take time,too. And than, I want to study for Bridge,too. And of course I have to study for my lectures anyway :D So, if I cannot be planned as much as needed, it can be completely a disaster for me! :/ However, I cannot let that happen!! :)



So in the end, I have to go to study now! :D              

Take care of you! :)

And merry Christmas Eve to you ALL! :)

LOVE YOU! :) <3

The Story of This Week! :) (FIRST LAB, SICKNESS, WELCOME PARTY)

Hello everyone! :)

I know I wrote last time that I will share with you my weekly plan for this week. However, I couldn't as you see. Because this week was more complicated that I thought at the beginning! 

Here is the story:,

Monday began as usual. I took my Physics and Chemistry Classes. After that I bought my Chemistry Lab notes to study before. And than I joined the problem session for Chemistry but honestly it was a disaster! So, that wasn't very useful to learn or to repeat something. After that I came home at 7pm but I was feeling very bad and tired. I couldn't understand what was happening and I tried to study physics a little bit (VECTORS! -_-) and than I went to bed.

Tuesday was my first LAB DAY! :) Because of that I was very cheerful and exited! :) And it was really enjoyable but a little bit tense. Because I always had to be very careful to not break something etc. The topic for this lab was the solution and some basic chemicals. So, as you can see in the pictures, we worked with different chemicals and we tried to define their chemical properties when they are heated, mixed with water and their acidity/basicity. At the end of these experiment we had to solve a problem. Our professor had prepared an unknown mixture for all of us. And to finish the lab, we had to solve what was in it. And as you can guess, we had all different mixtures! :/ 

Honestly, It was very hard at the beginning. Because I broke my test tube, which is fulled by my unknown mixture! I got panicked, of course! :D But after that I could clean it up and solve the mixture! We haven't learned the results but I hope my answers were true!

After the lab day, I got sick! I got fever and I was feeling completely horrible! So, I couldn't go to class next day. At home, I slept all day long and even I did so, I couldn't get well completely :( However, I had to go to class on Thursday because we had a departmental welcome party and a problem session for maths,too. So, I went! 

The welcome party was a pizza party, actually. And the pizzas were very delicious! :D But the things that I've learned about the department during the party were much more important than the pizzas!! :D

Here they are:

>> Firstly, I've learned that I can join an Erasmus Program during my 3.year. So I have to apply at the beginning of next year! And of course, I have to have an enough high GPA and a complete social life to be accepted! The most important thing that I've heard was about the University of Amsterdam! Dım dım dım! What is very important about this university? So, this is the highest ranking university in the list of our Erasmus universities list!! And this college accept only one student in a year! So, this situation really motivates me now!! :) THIS IS MY NEXT GOAL! I'll work and study for this :)

>> Second thing that I've learned about is the Biology Lab Attendance! If we can talk with a professor in our department and can get an acceptance, we can join a research lab even if we are in our first semester! :) So, after I've learned about that, I made a research in our department website. And I saw that we have a research about cancer mutation in genes! Ta daaa! THIS IS MY SECOND NEXT GOAL! I want to get in! As a result, I wrote a very long e-mail about me and why I want to get in this lab to this professor and now I'm waiting for his answer. I made my B Plan, too. If he won't write anything to my e-mail until Tuesday. I'll go his office to introduce myself to him! :) Maybe this can work :)) 

So, my Thursday passed like that and yesterday I had a Bio111 class. In this class, we learn about the people which studied about chemistry or biology and gained a Nobel Price and their researches! It is a very interesting and enjoyable topic, I believe and the class was very instructive, too. 

Yesterday, we talked about Christiane Nüsslein- Volhard and her researches about Drosophila! :) You can read about her life and research here ,too. I really liked her and I hope that you'll, too.

In conclude, now it is weekend! And I need a complete plan to study my lessons! So, I woke up at 8 a.m and made this plan for the weekend :) ! Now, I want to start with physics because on Monday I have a Physics Problem Session! So if I have a problem about some questions, I can ask them here! :)

I wish you all a pleasant and perfect weekend! :)

SEE YOU SOON AND LOVE YOU! :) <3

First Day At the University!

Hello everyone!

Yesterday was my first day at the college and it was completely awesome! :)
Actually, I was a little bit nervous because that was the first time that I listen everything in English during a class.
In addition to that, my first class was Physics! Completely HORROR for me!
However, to be honest, It wasn't so bad. In fact, It was interesting in some ways :)

First of all, I felt amazing, when I came to class. There were a lot of people who are the same department with me! :) And I really liked them :)
That's cool, because I was nervous about that,too : What if I wouldn't like my classmates?! But, they were actually very cool! I liked them! :) <3

During the class, I took my notes in English and taking English notes was not horrible as much as I expect! Yeah, sometimes I couldn't understand every words that the professor said, but not important! I understood the topic!

After the class, I bought my first university book from Bookstore : Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics --> Serway/Jawett

I have not viewed in it deeply, yet. But, I rewrote my class notes clearly, after the class.
So, before the exam, I won't have to write study notes again! :) If I can do it daily during the semester, it will be perfect and completely easy for me to study for anything! I hope I can! :)

This post will be a diary for this time. But after that post, as I mentioned before this post, I'll share the useful Apps that I use regularly, with you! :)

So, SEE YOU SOON! :)
Take care of yourselves! :)

LOVE YOU! :) <3

Which Websites Can We Use? :)

Hi everyone! :)

Today I will share with you some websites that we can use during our college time and most of them are really very useful for us :)

Yesterday, I made a huge investigation to find different useful websites that can be helpful for learning something easily or finding something about or for my future tasks at the college.

So, here are the results:

• Google Calendar: I know that you think Google Calendar is a typical online calendar that everybody can use. But these website, actually, can be very helpful to organize our tasks, meetings, jobs and classes etc. Distinctly from other typical calendars, Google Calendar is completely trusty and it can be synchronized with a lot of different websites and apps which had produces by Google, too. So, it is more useful and more helpful that you think! Look at it for once and try, than you will see the difference :)  

• Wolfram Alpha: Wolfram Alpha is  "a computational knowledge engine" that can calculate  every single basic math problems that you have to solve! Step by step, you can see the solutions of problems and it is very very helpful when you cannot understand something during the class. In addition to that, you can ask and search in different topics like biology, chemistry and astronomy etc.  Here is the link!

• Lynda: Lynda is a perfect website for learning something new from video courses! It is like an extensive video library that can be very effective to learn something and to gain different skills easily. Mostly, you can learn different skills centered around computing and media production. Normally, you have to pay for using the website. However, its free trial is not very short - 10 days- So, you can try and use it for free! :)  Here is it! :)

• Stack Exchange: If you have questions about different topics like biology, chemistry, programming etc. , Stack Exchange can find a great solution for you. This website is a collection of question and answer communities. So, if you have a question, you can find the solution most likely on this website!  Let's Try It! :)

• Sleepyti.me: This website is very simple but can be useful for some of us. Because it uses the sciences of REM cycles to calculate the optimal time that you should go to bed to feel good and well-rested in the morning! :) I like it and want to try during this week! You can try, too. Here!

• Coggle: Coggle is a mind-mapping tool that can be used for learning and teaching something in a clear way. Actually, it is not very easy to explain it with words, so you can watch this short video to understand it easily. And here is the website!

• Cheatography: As you can understand from the name of the website, Cheatography is a website that collects all the cheat sheets about any topic. So, you can find some brief information about your classes and can be useful for other things, too ;) So Let's Try It! :)

So, these are the websites that I find helpful for college in some ways. And most of them have their Apps for mobile phones,too. That means, you can use them easily and regularly if you like and want! 

I hope they will be beneficial for you,too. 

In the next post, I'll share with you some different Apps about studying and biology itself that I always use :) 

Until the next time, Have a nice Week!

See you soon! :)

LOVE YOU <3